Szczątki zwierzęce ze stanowiska w Osinkach, województwo suwalskie

Abstrakt

Osinki należą do grupy osad leżących na Suwalszczyźnie, w dorzeczu rzeki Czarna Hańcza. Osady te są datowane na okres od wczesnej epoki żelaza po wędrówki ludów i są łączone z kręgiem kultur ludów zachodnio-bałtyjskich. Stanowisko w Osinkach zostało odkryte przez Jerzego Okulicza w 1958 roku i było badane do 1968 roku (OKULICZ 1961; 1963). Ślady osadnictwa w Osinkach wiążą się w jeden zespół osadniczy ze słynnym cmentarzyskiem z II-V w. w Szwajcarii. Zespół ten wydaje się być reliktem centrum bałtyjskich Sudinoi, przypuszczalnych przodków późniejszych Sudawów-Jaćwięgów. W Osinkach odkryto grodzisko typu refugialnego i dwa rejony osadnicze w pobliżu grodziska: stanowisko 1A i stanowisko II. Na stanowisku 1A odkryto ślady domów mieszkalnych i licznych jam zasobowych przystosowanych do przechowywania żywności. Warstwy kulturowe tego stanowiska datowane były na II-IV w. oraz VVI w. n. e. Na stanowisku II wystąpiły ślady zabudowy z I-III w oraz - po przerwie - z VI w.<br>ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE SITE IN OSINKI IN SUWAŁKI ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICT. The settlement in Osinki in the region of Suwalki belonged to the circle of the West Baltic Barrow Culture. During the excavations conducted by J. Okulicz between 1958 and 1968 there were discovered: a hill fort of the refugial type and two settlement regions marked as site 1A and II, where 1072 animal remains were found. At site 1A dated to 5th-6th century 409 bones were found, 18,8% of them identified. Among the identified material there was one bone of a bird, the rest belonged to mammals. Wild mammals were represented by the deer, the boar, the wolf and the roe deer. In the group of domesticated animals the majority were cattle, while the sheep, the goat and the horse were much less numerous. Analyses were executed only for those species whose remains were in sufficient quantity. The anatomical arrangement of cattle remains showed complete skeletons, 5,3% of them being bones of young animals. There were also bones belonging to young pigs. The morphological analysis proved that the limit of differentiation of cattle skeleton was between 21 and 60 points in a hundred point scale, which covers cattle of small and medium sizes. On the basis of horse metacarpus bones it can be stated that its height was 126 cm. On the bones there were many dog teeth marks and anthropogenic marks. They were connected with preparing of food and traces of intentional treatment, for example sharpening a horse metacarpus bone in an attempt to get a sharp end. The osteological material from site II was analysed in two groups varying in chronology. There were 480 remains from the early Roman period. 36,4% of them were identified, some belonged to fish and birds, among the bones of wild animals predominated those of the hare, then the roe deer, the elk, the badger and an animal belonging to the weasel family. Half of the remains of domesticated animals were bones of cattle, then of the sheep and goat. Less numerous were pig bones. The anatomical arrangement of cattle remains showed all elements of skeleton. Only some of cattle bones belonged to animals killed young. Among the fragments of pig bones 32,1% belonged to young animals. The morphological analysis proved that the size of cattle varied from 21 to 61 points. From the late Roman period and the period of the migration of peoples there were 183 remains, 43,7% identified. Among them there were no fish or bird bones and wild mammals were represented by only one bone. Among the remains of domesticated animals cattle predominated. The second place was taken by the sheep and goat. Pig, horse and dog bones were in minority. The comparative analysis of the examined groups showed that the bone material from site 1A was similar to the material from the second phase of site II. The material from the late Roman period and the period of the migration of peoples differed from the material from the early Roman period. In the first group cattle bones were in majority and in the second group pig, sheep and goat bones predominated. On the basis of the archaeozoological analysis of the animal bone material from the settlement in Osinki it can be stated that during the two settlement phases the management of animals changed. In the early Roman period apart from raising of animals (mainly cattle and small ruminant breeding and on a smaller scale pigbreeding), people were fishing andhunting. In the late Roman period and the period of the migration of peoples fishing lost its importance completely and hunting to some extent. Cattle-breeding predominated, the role of the sheep and goat and the pig lessened. The lack of bones of the pig, a species not suitable for migration, might suggest that to the settlement came people from other territories.