Osadnictwo wiejskie na Wyżynie Sandomierskiej w świetle wyników badań Kleczanowa

Abstrakt

Kleczanów jest położony 12 km na zachód od Sandomierza, przy szosie Sandomierz - Opatów. Najstarsza część wsi położona jest w odległości około 400 m w kierunku południowym od szosy. Tu usytuowany jest drewniany kościół parafialny, pod wezwaniem św. Stanisława i św. Katarzyny (Fig. 1). Kościół ten, zbudowany z drewna, swą obecna postać uzyskał w końcu XVI w.<br>RURAL SETTLEMENT ON SANDOMIERSKA HIGHLAND IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SURVEY IN KLECZANÓW. This article is a presentation of the outcome of the project conducted in Kleczanow near Sandomierz (southern Poland). The direct reason for the enterprise was the record of findings of various objects discovered by chance in the area surrounding the church. According to a very interesting local tradition, the oldest church in Kleczanow was built already in the end of the 10th century. This research was a rare attempt to describe the transformation of a settlement of rural character. The survey of Kleczanow and the adjacent area resulted in establishing about a hundred of archaeological sites. Over half of them dates to the Stone Age and the early Bronze Age and over 24 % were classified as early Medieval and Medieval. Near Kleczanow there are 8 sites from older phases of the early Middle Ages. In the area of Old Kleczanow objects from the period under discussion document discoveries from around the church and the cemetery in the nearby woods. At the site 1 the oldest traces of settlement were the remains of a hut discovered in loess virgin soil within the borders of the trial trench II and sq.A. It was stated that the object had two phases of activity. Together with the houses there were free standing farm houses objects. The loess cellar found in the borders of square C (object C/5) could be an example of such an object. Loess cellars similar to the one mentioned above are not unusual in that area. The same looking objects can be found in a gorge on a way to Komorna (less than two kilometers from the site). They differ in size, morphology and function. The examination of a barrow found in the woods of Kleczanow made it possible to define the most important elements of this interesting cemetery. The majority of barrows has a homogeneous structure and was built of yellowish loess on the original surface. Close to some objects there were pits, situated at the southern side of barrows. The mounds were built on a circle or elliptical plan with diameters of 4-10 m, 7 m on the average. The barrows had no inner constructions. The burials were of a type with incineration layer on the top of the barrow. Four evident groups of objects were pointed out in the vicinity. The observations led to the conclusion that in some of the mounds long soil processes took place. Those objects differed from the rest also in their measurements. Their diameters were 14 to 20 m. Those differences may result from the fact that they are older than the remaining ones and date to the II or III period of the Bronze Age. They may be defined as barrows of the Trzciniec Culture. Kleczanow was mentioned in written sources for the first time no sooner than in the 18th century. There are no data concerning the beginnings of the church, which appears in the sources in the 14th century. According to the accessible documents the genesis of the parish cannot be defined as early. Such a statement would be in opposition both to the written evidence and to late canonizations of the patrons of the church. The research shows that the settlement objects from the 10th-13th centuries appear in the discussed area on a limited scale. This is not surprising, if we take into account that the area performed at that time mainly a sacral function.