Przestrzeń prywatna a przestrzeń publiczna : prowizoryczne konstrukcje w portykach ulic kolumnowych

Abstrakt

Ulice kolumnowe - szerokie aleje, flankowane po obydwu stronach zadaszonymi portykami, kryjącymi w głębi wejścia do szeregów pomieszczeń - są nieodłącznym elementem krajobrazu miast rzymskich na Bliskim Wschodzie. Opisywane przez wielu autorów starożytnych, jako duma i chluba miasta, kolumnady były w istocie jednym z nielicznych przejawów architektury imperialnej w zhellenizowanych prowincjach rzymskiego Wschodu. Architektura ta jednak, mimo że z powodzeniem implantowana na tych terenach, stanowiła całkowite pogwałcenie tradycyjnego charakteru miasta orientalnego<br>PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SPACE: TEMPORARY STRUCTURES IN THE PORTICOES OF COLONNADED STREETS. Temporary structures in street porticoes are a very interesting example of attempts to introduce private space into public space. We know from numerous investigations that antique cities in the Near East were the scene of a continual struggle for space and that in times of the collapse of central power, free space was immediately built up with more or less temporary constructions. In colonnaded streets they occupied porticoes and then the streets themselves, leading to the creation of residential districts or s«qs, in which the free space is reduced to that necessary to allow residents to move between buildings. These processes have been examined in many works. At the same time in some cities we may observe traces of the construction of such temporary structures the form of which is open to question, while their existence is recorded by numerous laws governing urban development. There is an interesting example of such a temporary construction in Apamea. On the wall of the east portico there is a series of holes which suggest the presence of a structure like a loggia, balcony or platform held up by diagonal supports constructed in this place. This type of construction can be found today in the ancient buildings of Aleppo, Damascus or Tripolis. The function of such balconies or platforms is difficult to determine. They may have served to increase the living space of a residence, or to have facilitated movement between different buildings or floors. The surviving collections of laws orginate from the end of Antiquity and contain no specific references to porticoes. From a functional point of view, however, we may treat them as part of the street as by definition they served to convey pedestrian traffic. From the constitution of Zeno, concerning Constantinople, we learn that the construction of balconies was permitted, so long as they were not supported by posts, columns or walls and were constructed of solid materials. One presumes that similar laws were in force in other towns, since their basis was universally applicable. The use of vertical supports was forbidden since it would have formed the first step to the takeover of public space by a private space, while concern about the solidity of the construction materials used was born of the fear of fire which would have spread rapidly through the use of wood and daub for such extentions. In the north portico of the Great Colonnade in Palmyra, shallow holes have been cut on the shaft of a column. They served to support a bar between the columns on which a partition of textile or leather could be hung, separating the portico area from the rest of the street. Unfortunately, both the function and the date of this partition are almost impossible to determine. It could have served the uses of a shopkeeper in antiquity, providing protection from the sun and the sand blown from the desert. They could also have served Arab nomads many centuries later, for the erection of a reinforced tent construction. With regard to the impossibility of dating and the difficulties of interpretation, such remains are generally omitted in the publications of sites, but sometimes serve as a valuable evidence of the building activities of the inhabitants of these cities. 220