House – settlement – province : social space in middle- and late Helladic Korakou and Corinthia
2003, 46, Tom 46, Nr A
DOI
Publication date
Publishing model
License type
Field
Discipline
Language of publication
Downloads
PDF 26 MB
Number of views:38
Number of downloads:2
Crossref citations:0
Altmetric score:0
Abstract
Research on settlements in prehistoric Greece is often limited to the study of large political and administrative centres (KILIAN 1984; BLOEDOW 1995), settlement patterns and trade contacts (THOMAS 1995; CHERRY, DAVIS 2001), architectural typology (MYLONAS SHEAR 1969; DARCQUE 1980a; DARCQUE 1980b; HIESEL 1990) or building techniques and materials (PRESS 1986; GUEST-PAPAMANOLI 1987; TZAVELLA-EVJEN, ROHER 1990; IAKOVIDIS 1990; KÜPPER 1996). Other aspects which are sometimes examined include the spatial organisation of settlements (WALSH, McDONALD 1992; cf. SMITH 2003), social features of habitation and functioning of settlements (cf. KEITH 2003), domestic architecture (SINOS 1971; MYLONAS SHEAR 1987; TOURNAVITOU 1995; SHELMERDINE 1997), workshops and production buildings (TOURNAVITOU 1988), cult buildings (HÄGG 1981; ALBERS 1994; WHITTAKER 1996; WHITTAKER 1997) public places, alleys, squares and courts (CAVANAGH 2001). Studies of Mycenaean society usually concern provinces or principalities (DYCZEK 1994; HÄGG 1995; BENNET 1995; BENNET 1999), palaces (DEGER-JALKOTZY 1983; DE FIDIO 1987; GRAZIADO 1991; STAVRIANOPOULOU 1995) or the position of various social groups (DEGER-JALKOTZY 1995; WRIGHT 1995; GREGERSEN 1997; PALAIMA 1997; DEGER-JALKOTZY 1999), when analysis is * The present paper is a part of my on-going Ph.D. project. I would like to thank Prof. K. Lewartowski, Prof. J. Maran and Prof. J. Wright for their comments. My warmest thanks are due also to G. Smay for correcting my English text. Chronology according to: RUTTER 2001: 106, table 2 and SHELMERDINE 2001: 332, table 1 based mostly on written documents (WUNDSAM 1968; CHADWICK 1976; YAMAKAWA 1988; HOOKER 1995; KAZANSKIENE 1995). On the other hand, very little information is available about people who lived in settlements surrounding the palaces and citadels, or the smaller villages in the countryside, from which no written documents have been recovered1 . One might pose a number of questions about ordinary people's lives: how is their social situation reflected in appearance and furnishing of their houses?; was the spatial and social organisation of settlements the product of political and cultural processes at work in the MH and LH periods?; was there a single broad pattern of settlement which pertained throughout Mycenaean Greece, with similar characteristics of spatial and social organisation?; what did everyday life look like, what kind of activities took place in dwellings and villages, and what were the social roles of the people who lived there?; and finally, how far does our knowledge let us reconstruct the living conditions of that period? This paper will only partly answer these questions. It will analyse social space in MH and LH settlement in the region of Corinthia using of archaeological data from excavations and surveys, with particular emphasis on the site of Korakou. My aim is to discover to what extent it is possible, using available archaeological data and sociological theories, to create a comprehensive picture of cultural and economic relations among settlements in Corinthia, to locate the province's Mycenaean political centres, and to characterise the spatial and social organisation of the settlement at Korakou.
Bibliography
ADRYMI-SISMANIV. 1999 MvKqvaÏKÔc, KegafiiKÔç Klißavo, ovo Ai/utfvi, [in:] H negi^egeia TOD Mt)Kr|vaÏKOt) KÔOIIOV . ngaKtiKa tov A'AieBroouç Aieniotr^oviKOu Aa|iia, 25-29 2ente^ßgiOD 1994, Lamia, p. 131-142
ALBERS G. 1994 Spätmykenische Stadtheiligtümer: Systematische Analyse und vergleichende Auswertung der archäologischen Befunde [BAR International Series 596] Oxford
BANAKA-DIMAKIA. 1982 Gkilla-Argiri, AD 37 B1, 101
BENNET J. 1995 Space Through Time: Diachronic Perspectives on the Spatial Organization of the Pylian State, [in:] R. Laffineur, W.-D. Niemeier (eds), POLITEIA: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 5th International Aegean Conference, University of Heidelberg, Archäologisches Institut, 10-13 April 1994 [AEGAEUM 12] Liège, p. 587-602
BENNET J.1999 The Mycenaean Conceptualization of Space or Pylian Geography (...Yet Again!), [in:] S. Deger-Jalkotzy, S. Hiller, O. Panagl (eds), Floreant Studia Mycenaea. Akten des X. Internationalen Mykenologischen Colloquiums in Salzburg vom 1.-5. Mai 1995. Band I., Wien, p. 131-157
BERNBECK R. 1997 Theorien in der Archäologie, Tübingen-Basel
BLEGEN C. W. 1920 Corinth in Prehistoric Times, AJA 24, 3-11
BLEGEN C. W. 1921 Korakou. A Prehistoric Settlement Near Corinth, Boston-New York
BLEGEN C. W. 1928 Zygouries: A Prehistoric Settlement in the Valley ofCleonae, Cambridge
BLEGEN C. W. 1931 Gonia, Metropolitan Museum Studies 3.1, p. 55-80
BLEGEN C., YOUNG R.S., PALMER H. 1964 Corinth XIII: The North Cemetery, Princeton
BLOEDOW E. F. 1995 Human and Environmental Interaction in Mycenae, [in:] R. Lafineur, W.-D. Niemeier (eds),
POLITEIA. Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 5th International Aegean Conference, University of Heidelberg, Archäologisches Institut, 10-13 April 1994 [AEGAEUM 12], Liège, p. 641-647
BURKE P. 2000 Historia i teoria spoteczna, Warszawa—Krakow
CANTER D. 1991 Social Past and Social Present: The Archaeological Dimensions to Environmental Psychology, [in:] O. Gr0n, E. Engelstad, I. Lindblom (eds), Social Space. Human Spatial Behaviour in Dwellings and Settlements. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Conference, Odense, p. 10-16
CAVANAGH W. 2001 Empty Space? Courts and Squares in Mycenaean Towns, [in:]: K. Branigan (ed.) Urbanism in the Aegean Bronze Age, Sheffield, p. 119-134
CAVANAGH W., MEE C. 1998 A Private Place. Death in Prehistoric Greece [SIMA 125], Jonsered
CHADWICK J. 1976 The Mycenaean World, Cambridge
CHAPMAN J. 1991 The Early Balkan Village, [in:] O. Gr0n, E. Engelstad, I. Lindblom (eds), Social Space. Human Spatial Behaviour in Dwellings and Settlements. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Conference., Odense, p. 79-99
CHERRY J. F., DAVIS J. L. 2001 'Under the Sceptre of Agamemnon': The View from the Hinterlands of Mycenae, [in:] K. Branigan (ed.), Urbanism in the Aegean Bronze Age, (Sheffield), p. 141-159
DARCQUE P. 1980a L'architecture domestique mycénienne. Thèse de 3e Cycle, Paris, Vol. I
DARCQUE P. 1980b L'architecture domestique mycénienne. Thèse de 3e Cycle, Paris, Vol. II
DARCQUE P. 1987 Le tholoi et l'organisation socio-politique du monde mycénien, [in:] R. Laffineur (ed.), Thanatos. Les coutûmes funéraires en Égée à l'Âge du Bronze [AEGAEUM 1], Liège, p. 185-205
DAVIS, J.L. 1979 Late Helladic I Pottery from Korakou, Hesperia 48, p. 234-259
DEGER-JALKOTZY S. 1983 Zum Charakter und zur Herausbildung der mykenischen Sozialstruktur, [in:] A. Heubeck, G. Neumann (eds), Res Mycenaeae. Akten des VII. Internationalen Mykenologischen Colloquiums in Nürnberg vom 6-10 April 1981, Göttingen, p. 89-111
DEGER-JALKOTZY S.1995 Mykenische Herrschaftsformen ohne Paläste und die griechische Polis, [in:] R. Laffineur, W.-D. Niemeier (eds),
DEGER-JALKOTZY S.POLITEIA. Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 5th International Aegean Conference University of Heidelberg, Archäologisches Institut, 10-13 April, 1994 [AEGAEUM 12], Liège, p. 369-377
DEGER-JALKOTZY S.1999 Military Prowess and Social Status in Mycenaean Greece, [in:] R. Laffineur (ed.), POLEMOS. Le contexte guerrier en Égée à l'âge du Bronze. Actes de la 7e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Université de Liège, 14-17 avril 1998 [AEGAEUM 19], Liège, p. 121-131
DEMAKOPOULOU K. 1998 O 6r]aavQÔç T(ovAr]ôoviév. I,ÊQa Y^ £Ç Kat Koo/utf/uata tqç 'YOTEQËÇ Eno%ijç tovXaÏkov otoAiyaio, Athens
DICKINSON O. 1972 Late Helladic IIA and IIB: Some Evidence from Korakou, BSA 67, p. 103-112
DICKINSON O. 1999 The Aegean Bronze Age, Cambridge
DYCZEK P. 1994 Pylos in the Bronze Age. Problems of Culture and Social Life in Messenia, Warszawa
ENGELSTAD E. 1991 Gender and the Use of Household Space: an Ethnoarchaeological Approach, [in:] O. Gr0n, E. Engelstad, I. Lindblom (eds), Social Space. Human Spatial Behaviour in Dwellings and Settlements. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Conference., Odense, p. 49-54
DE FIDIO P. 1987 Palais et communautés de village dans le royaume mycénien de Pylos, [in:] P. Ilievski, L. Crepajac (eds), Tractata Mycenaea. Proceedings of the Eighth International Colloquium on Mycenaean Studies, Held in Ohrid (15-20 September 1985), Skopje, p. 129-149
GRAZIADIO G. 1991 The Process of Social Stratification at Mycenae in the Shaft Grave Period: A Comparative Examination of the Evidence, AJA 95, p. 403-440
GREGERSEN M. L. B. 1997 Pylian Craftsmen: Payment in Kind/Rations or Land?, [in:] R. Laffineur, P. P. Betancourt (eds),
6 e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Philadelphia, Temple University, 18-21 April 1996 [AEGAEUM 16], Liège, p. 397-403
GR0 N O. 1991 A Method for Reconstruction of Social Structure in Prehistoric Societies and Examples ofPractical Application, [in:] O. Gr0n, E. Engelstad, I. Lindblom (eds.), Social Space. Human Spatial Behaviour in Dwellings and Settlements. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Conference, Odense, p. 100-114
GR0 N O., ENGELSTAD E., LINDBLOM I. (eds.) 1991 Social Space. Human Spatial Behaviour in Dwellings and Settlements. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Conference, Odense
GUEST-PAPAMANOLI A. 1987 L'Emploi de la brique crue dans le domain Egéen à l'Epoque Néolithique et à l'Âge du Bronze, BCH 102, p. 3-24
HÄGG R. 1981 The House Sanctuary at Asine Revisited [in:] R. Hägg, N. Marinatos (eds), Sanctuaries and Cults in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the First International Symposium at the Swedish Institute in Athens, 12-13 May 1980, Stockholm, 91-94
HÄGG R. 1995 State and Religion in Mycenaean Greece, [in:] R. Laffineur, W.-D. Niemeier (eds), POLITEIA. Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 5th International Aegean Conference University of Heidelberg, Archäologisches Institut, 10-13 April, 1994 [AEGAEUM 12], Liège, p. 387-391
HATZIPOULIOU-KALLIRI E. 1978 Aeh„ava TlQ(oxoeXXaôiKov kai MeooeXXaôiKov oiKio/uov ovo Xofyo AexônexQa: nçéxa anoxeXéo^axa Ô0Kijua0TiKi<ç avaOKaÊË^VÇ égevvaç, AD 33A, p. 325-336
HIESEL G., 1990 Späthelladische Hausarchitektur. Studien zur Architekturgeschichte des griechischen Festlands in der späten Bronzezeit, Mainz am Rhein
HOCHSTETTER A. 1984 Kastanas. Ausgrabungen in einem Siedlungshügel der Bronze- und Eisenzeit Makedoniens 1975-1979. Die handgemachte Keramik, Berlin
HOOKER J. T. 1995 Linear B as a Source for Social History, [in:] A. Powell (ed.), The Greek World, London, p. 7-26
HOPE SIMPSON R., DICKINSON O. T. P. K., 1979 A Gazetteer of Aegean Civilisation in the Bronze Age. Vol. I: The Mainland and Islands [SIMA 52], Göteborg
IAKOVIDIS SP. E. 1990 Mycenaean Roof: Form and Construction, [in:] P. Darcque, R. Treuil (eds), L'Habitat Égéen Préhistorique. Actes de la table ronde internationale organisée par la Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, l'Université de Paris et l'Ecole Française d'Athènes. Athènes, 23-25 juin 1987 [BCH Supplément XIX 1990], p. 147-160 2000 AvaKaft)< MvK^vœv, PAE, p. 63-66
JANSEN A. G. 2002 A Study of the Remains of Mycenaean Roads and Stations of Bronze-Age Greece [Mellen Studies in Archaeology Vol. I], Lewiston-Queenston-Lampeter
KAZANSKIENE V. P. 1995 Land and Social Position in Mycenaean Greece, [in:] R. Laffineur, W.-D. Niemeier (eds), POLITEIA. Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 5th International Aegean Conference University of Heidelberg, Archäologisches Institut, 10-13 April, 1994 [AEGAEUM 12], Liège, p. 605-611
KEITH K. 2003 The Spatial Patterns of Everyday Life in Old Babylonian Neighborhoods, [in:] M. Smith (ed.), The Social Construction of Ancient Cities, Washington-London
KILIAN K. 1984 Pylos — Funktionsanalyse einer Residenz der späten Palastzeit, AKorrBl 14, p. 37-48
KÜPPER M. 1996 Mykenische Architektur. Material, Bearbeitungstechnik, Konstruktion und Erscheinungsbild [Internationale Archäologie Band 25], Espelkamp
LAMBROPOULOU A. 1991 The Middle Helladicperiod in the Corinthia and the Argolid: an Archaeological Survey (Ph. D. Dissertation, Bryn Mawr Collage), University Microfilms, Ann Arbor
LAVEZZI J. C. 2003 Corinth before the Mycenaeans, [in:] Ch. K.Williams, N. Bookidis (eds), Corinth XX. Results of Excavations Conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Corinth, the Centenary 1896-1996, Athens, p. 63-74
LEWARTOWSKI K. 2000 Late Helladic Simple Graves. A Study of Mycenaean Burial Customs (BAR International Series 878], Oxford
LINDBLOM M. 2001 Marks and Markers. Appearance, Distribution and Function of Middle and Late Helladic Manufacturers' Marks on Aeginetan Pottery [SIMA 128], Jonsered
LOLOS Y. G. 2003 MvK^vai'K< SaXa/uîç Oi ÉQEVVEÇ xmv exév 2000-2002, Aroôrovr, TÔJIO Ç AB' (2003), p. 17-98 MARAN J.
LOLOS Y. G.2001a Plaine de Phlionte, BCH 125, p. 822-823
LOLOS Y. G.2001b Phlious basin, AR, p. 25-26
LOLOS Y. G.2003 Phleious (Phlius), AR, p. 21-22
M0BJERG T. 1991 The Spatial Organization of an Inuit Winterhouse in Greenland. An Ethnoarchaeological Study, [in:] O. Gr0n, E. Engelstad, I. Lindblom (eds.), Social Space. Human Spatial Behaviour in Dwellings and Settlements. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Conference, Odense, p. 40-48
MORGAN C. 1999 Istmia VIII. The Late Bronze Age Settlement and Early Iron Age Sanctuary, Princeton
MOUNTJOY, P.A. 1999 Regional Mycenaean Decorated Pottery, Vol. I, Rahden
MYLONAS G. 1959 Aghios Kosmas. An Early Bronze Age Settlement and Cemetery in Attica, Princeton
MYLONAS G. 1972 AvaOKafttf MvK^vév, PAE, p. 114-126
MYLONAS G. 1973 AvaOKafttf MvK^vév, PAE, p. 99-107
MYLONAS SHEAR I. 1969 Mycenaean Domestic Architecture (Ph. D. Dissertation, Bryn Mawr Collage), University Microfilms, Ann Arbor
MYLONAS SHEAR I. 1987 The Panagia Houses at Mycenae, Philadelphia
PALAIMAT. G. 1997 Potter and Fuller: the Royal Craftsmen, [in:] R. Laffineur, P. P. Betancourt (eds), TEXNH: Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age / Artisanat et artisans en Égée à l'Âge du Bronze. Proceedings of the 6th International Aegean Conference /6e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Philadelphia, Temple University, 18-21 April 1996 [AEGAEUM 16], Liège, p. 409-412
PAPADIMITRIOU I, PETSAS F. 1950 AvaQKafyai ev MvKqvaiç, PAE, p. 203-233
PILAFIDIS-WILLIAMS K. 1998 The Sanctuary ofAphaia on Aigina in the Bronze Age, München
PRESS L. 1986 Budownictwo egejskie (second edition), Warszawa
PROTONOTARIU-DAILAKI E. 1971 Ayioç Ieçâoijuoç, A D 26, p. 68-71
RENFREW C., BAHN P. 1991 Archaeology. Theories, Methods and Practice, London
ROTHAUS R. 1998 Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey: Research Questions, http://eleftheria.stcloudstate.edu/eks/research.htm (Archaeological Computing Laboratory, St. Cloud State University, Last updated: November 26, 2001) (for 4/01/2004).
ROTHAUS R.2000 Prehistoric and Ancient Harbors in the Korinthia (Greece): A Geoarchaeological Approach for Determining Maritime Trade Patterns. 1999 Season, http://eleftheria.stcloudstate.edu/eks/1999Season/99coastal2.pdf (for 4/01/2004)
ROTHAUS R., REINHARDT E., TARTARON T., NOLLER J. 2003 A Geoarchaeological Approach for Understanding Prehistoric Usage of the Coastline of the Eastern Korinthia, [in:] K. P. Foster, R. Laffineur (eds), METRON. Measuring the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 9th International Aegean Conference New Haven, Yale University, 18-21 April 2002 [AEGAEUM 24], Liège-Austin, p. 37-46
RUTTERJ. B. 1974 The Late Helladic IIIB and IIIC Periods at Korakou and Gonia in the Corinthia (Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania), University Microfilms, Ann Arbor
RUTTERJ. B.1979 The Last Mycenaeans at Corinth, Hesperia 48, p. 348-392
RUTTERJ. B.1990 Pottery Groups from Tsoungiza of the End and of the Middle Bronze Age, Hesperia 59, p. 375-458
RUTTERJ. B.2001 Review of Aegean Prehistory II: The Prepalatial Bronze Age of the Southern and Central Greek Mainland [in:] T. Cullen (ed.), Aegean Prehistory. A Review, Boston, p. 95-155
RUTTERJ. B. 2003 Corinth and the Corinthia in the Second Millennium B.C. Old Approaches, New Problems, [in:] Ch. K. Williams, N. Bookidis (eds), Corinth XX. Results of Excavations Conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Corinth, the Centenary 1896-1996, Athens, p. 75-83
SANDERS D. 1990 Behavioral Conventions and Archaeology: Methods for the analysis of Ancient Architecture, [in:] S. Kent (ed.), Domestic Architecture and the Use of Space. An Interdisciplinary Cross-cultural Study, Cambridge, p. 43-72
SCHALLIN A.-L. 1997 The Late Bronze Age Potter's Workshop at Mastos in the Berbati Valley, [in:] C. Gillis, Ch. Risberg, B. Sjöberg (eds), Trade and Production in Premonetary Greece. Production and the Craftsman. Proceedings of the 4th and 5th International Workshops, Athens 1994 and 1995, Göteborg, p. 73-88
SHELMERDINE C. W. 1997 Workshops and Record Keeping in the Mycenaean World, [in:] R. Laffineur, P. P. Betancourt (eds), TEXNH: Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age / Artisanat et artisans en Égée à l'Âge du Bronze. Proceedings of the 6th International Aegean Conference/6e Rencontre égéenne inter nationale, Philadelphia, Temple University, 18-21 April 1996 [AEGAEUM 16], Liège, 387-395
SHELMERDINE C. W. 2001 Review of Aegean Prehistory VI: The Palatial Bronze Age of the Southern and Central Mainland,, [in:] T. Cullen (ed.), Aegean Prehistory. A Review, Boston, p. 329-381
SIENNICKA M. 2003a Mycenaean Settlement Patterns in the Saronic Gulf, Swiatowit IV (XLV), Fasc. A, 2002, 179-193
SIENNICKA M.2003b Fireside — Rooms with Hearths in Early Helladic Non-Monumental Domestic Architecture, Swiatowit IV (XLV), Fasc. A, 2002, p. 173-178
SINOS S. 1971 Die vorklassischen Hausformen in der Ägäis, Mainz am Rhein
SJÖBERG B. 1997 Two Possible Late Helladic Kilns at Asine: a Research Note, [in:] C. Gillis, Ch. Risberg, B. Sjöberg (eds), Trade and Production in Premonetary Greece. Production and the Craftsman. Proceedings of the 4th and 5th International Workshops, Athens 1994 and 1995, Göteborg, p. 89-100
SMITH M. 2003 Introduction: The Social Construction of Ancient Cities, [in:] M. Smith (ed.), The Social Construction of Ancient Cities, Washington-London
STAVRIANOPOULOU E. 1995 Die Verflechtung des Politisches mit dem Religiösen im mykenischen Pylos, [in:] R. Laffineur, W.-D. Niemeier (eds), POLITEIA. Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 5th International Aegean Conference University of Heidelberg, Archäologisches Institut, 10-13 April, 1994 [AEGAEUM 12], Liège, p. 423-433
TANNER A. 1991 Spatial Organization in Social Formation and Symbolic Action: Fijian and Canadian Examples, [in:] O. Gr0n, E. Engelstad, I. Lindblom (eds), Social Space. Human Spatial Behaviour in Dwellings and Settlements. Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Conference, Odense, p. 21-39
TARTARON T. A. 2000 The Late Prehistoric Korinthia, [in:] http://eleftheria.stcloudstate.edu/korinthiaka/prehistoric/prehisto1.htm (for 4/01/2004)
TARTARON T. F., ROTHAUS R. M., PULLEN D. J. 2003 Searching for Prehistoric Aegean Harbors with GIS, Geomorphology, and Archaeology, [in:] Athena Review 3(4) (the Internet edition: http://www.athenapub.com/12aegean.htm)
THOMAS C. G. 1992 LH IIIB:1 Pottery from Tsoungiza and Zygouries [Ph.D. Dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1992], Ann Arbor
THOMAS C. G.1995 The Components of Political Identity in Mycenaean Greece, [in:] R. Lafineur, W.-D. Niemeier (eds),
THOMAS C. G. POLITEIA. Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 5th International Aegean Conference University of Heidelberg, Archäologisches Institut, 10-13 April, 1994 [AEGAEUM12], Liège, p. 349-354
TOURNAVITOU I. 1988 Towards an Identification of a Workshop Space, [in:] E. B. French, K. A. Wardle (eds), Problems in Greek Prehistory. Papers Presented at the Centenary Conference of the British School of Archaeology at Athens, Manchester, April 1986, Bristol, p. 447-467
TOURNAVITOU I.1995 The Ivory Houses at Mycenae [BSA Supplementary Volume no. 24], Athens
TOURNAVITOU I. 1999a Oi toi%oyQaÊ'ieç oav avtiKei/ueva KVQOVÇ ot^v YE III enoxtf: Ë neQintrnor] t^ç AQyoÏ'iôaç, Eliten in der Bronzezeit: Ergebnisse zweiter Kolloquien in Mainz und Athen, Vol. 1. [Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Monographien 43.1], Mainz, 119-128
TOURNAVITOU I.1999b Hearths in Non-Palatial Settlement Contexts. The LBA Period in the Peloponnese, [in:] P. P. Betancourt, V. Karageorghis, R. Laffineur, W.-D. Niemeier (eds), Meletemata: Studies in Aegean Archaeology Presented to Malcolm H. Wiener as He Enters His 65th Year. Vol. III. [AEGAEUM], Liège, p. 833-840
TZAVELLA-EVJEN H., ROHER D. 1990 Building Materials and Techniques at EH II Litharés, [in:] P. Darcque, R. Treuil (eds), L'Habitat Egéen Préhistorique. Actes de la table ronde internationale organisée par la Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, l'Université de Paris et l'Ecole Française d'Athènes. Athènes, 23-25 juin 1987 [BCH Supplément XIX], p. 115-121
VALMIN N., 1932 Malthi. The Swedish Messenia Expedition, Lund
WALSH V. A., McDONALD W. A. 1992 House Construction and Town Layout, [in:] W. A. McDonald, N. Wilkie (eds), Excavations at Nichoria in Southwest Greece. Vol. II. The Bronze Age Occupation, Minneapolis, p. 359-454
WHITTAKER H. 1996 The Relationship between Mycenaean Sacred and Domestic Architecture, [in:] E. de Miro, L. Godart, A. Sacconi (eds), Atti e memorie del secondo congresso internationale di micenologia. Roma-Napoli, 14-20 ottobre 1991, Roma, p. 1627-1635.
WHITTAKER H.1997 Mycenaean Cult Buildings. A Study of their Architecture and Function in the Context of the Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean [Monographs from the Norwegian Institute at Athens Vol. 1], Bergen
WRIGHT J. C. 1982 The Old Temple Terrace at the Argive Heraeum and the Early Cult of Hera in the Argolid JHS 102 (1982) p. 186-201
WRIGHT J. C.1987 Death and Power at Mycenae: Changing Symbols in Mortuary Practice, [in:] R. Lafineur (ed.), THANATOS Les coutumes funéraires en Egée à l'âge du bronze. Actes du colloque de Liège (21-23 avril 1986) [AEGAEUM 1], Liège, p. 171-184
WRIGHT J. C.1990 An Early Mycenaean Hamlet on Tsoungiza at Ancient Nemea, [in:] P. Darcque, R. Treuil (eds), L'Habitat Egéen Préhistorique. Actes de la table ronde internationale organisée par la Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, l'Université de Paris et l'Ecole Française d'Athènes. Athènes, 23-25 juin 1987 [BCH Supplément XIX], p. 347-357
WRIGHT J. C.1995 From Chief to King in Mycenaean Society, [in:] P. Rehak (ed.), The Role of the Ruler in the Prehistoric Aegean. Proceedings of a Panel Discussion presented at the Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America, New Orleans, Louisiana, 28 December 1992 [AEGAEUM 11], Austin, p. 63-80
WRIGHT J., CHERRY J., DAVIS J., MANTZOURANI E., SUTTON S. 1990 The Nemea Valley Archaeological Project: A Preliminary Report, Hesperia 59, p. 579-659
WUNDSAM, K. 1968 Die politische und soziale Struktur in den mykenischen Residenzen nach den Linear B Texten [Dissertationen der Universität Wien 7], Wien
YAMAKAWA H.1988 The Social Situation and the Pylos Kingship at the Close of the Mycenaean Age from the Linear B Tablets, [in:]T. Yuge, D. Masaoki, E.J. Brill (eds), Forms of Control and Subordination in Antiquity. The Society forStudies on Resistance Movements in Antiquity, Leiden, p. 443-448